RF Power & S-Parameters
Master reflections, VSWR, and scattering parameters. View impedance matching on a dynamic live Smith Chart.
1. Load Impedance (Z_L = R + jX)
load resistance [R_L] 50 Ω
load reactance [X_L] 0 Ω
2. Transmission Line Config
characteristic impedance [Z_0] 50 Ω
frequency [f] 2.4 GHz
Smith Chart Primer
The center of the chart represents a perfect match (Z_L = Z_0), where the reflection coefficient Γ is 0. Moving away from the center indicates impedance mismatch, creating reflections. The outer circle represents 100% reflection (purely reactive load).
Reflection Coeff |Γ| —
VSWR —
Return Loss —
S11 / S21 (Lossless) —
Impedance Smith Chart Plot
Click to show RF reflection formulas
1. Reflection Coefficient (Γ)
Γ = (Z_L - Z_0) / (Z_L + Z_0)
Since Z_L is complex (R_L + jX_L), Γ is also a complex number.
Its magnitude |Γ| lies between 0 (matched) and 1 (100% reflection).
Since Z_L is complex (R_L + jX_L), Γ is also a complex number.
Its magnitude |Γ| lies between 0 (matched) and 1 (100% reflection).
2. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
VSWR = (1 + |Γ|) / (1 - |Γ|)
Ranges from 1.0 (perfect match) to ∞ (total reflection).
Ranges from 1.0 (perfect match) to ∞ (total reflection).
3. Scattering Parameters (lossless 2-port)
S11 = Γ (input reflection)
S21 = sqrt(1 - |S11|²) (transmission coefficient)
S21 = sqrt(1 - |S11|²) (transmission coefficient)